The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning Essay

The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning In our modern day world, the technology of genetic engineering and human cloning for the use of asexual reproduction has reached a point to where we must ask ourselves if it is a good practice for medical purposes, or if it presents issues of ethical and moral concern. Human cloning is a very cmplex process; it is very multilayered in the promises and threats that are suggested by scientists (Kolata 8). In the basic definition, cloning is accomplished by removing the nucleus of a mature, unfertilized egg and replacing it with a specialized cell from an adult organism. The nucleus taken contains most of the hereditary material from the original human source, and it†¦show more content†¦And then, on February 24, 1997, newspapers around the world reported the successful cloning of a lamb. This lamb, nown as Dolly, was cloned by Ian Wilmut and his fellow scientists at the Roslin Institute near Edinourgh, Scotland (Pence: Flesh ix). Even though scientists ssaid this method o f cloning couldnt be applied to humans yet, Bill Clinton asked The National Bioethics Advisory Commission to study the ethical and legal implications of human cloning (Biomedical: Roleff, ed. 16). They recommened a three-to-five-year moratorium on human cloning research to give the public time to debate and examine the issues involved (Biomedical: Roleff, ed.16). We are still in the midst of this period, and many people in society have been writing books, responding to the issue in journal articles, and creating web sites that discuss and debate the pros and cons of human cloning. The Council for Secular Humanism has written the Declaration in Defense of Cloning and the Integrity of Scientific Research, and is broadcasting it on the Internaet. There are many arguments for and against it. Some interesting arguments revolving around the debate for and against human cloning are the use of cloning for asexual reproduction, basic human rights, and its use for gene therapy. All of these arguments have a group of people from all realms in society that use the arguments to support human cloning, and a group of people that use them to show thatShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Related to the Cloning Debate1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe act of cloning a human being comes dangerously close to human beings acting as God. Do human beings have the right to tamper with nature in this way? This essay explores the various ethical issues related to the cloning debate, and seeks answers to this deep philosophical question at the heart of bioethics. As a student of genetic biology and future biologist, this question also has personal relevance. Our science is evolving at a rapid pace. As human cloning becomes increasingly possible, itRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some peopleRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe invention of cloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An invention is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’sRead MoreShould C loning Be Beneficial?784 Words   |  4 Pagesidea of cloning and do not have a problem with â€Å"making life† identical to what already exists. These individuals argue that cloning can and should be used for medical purposes, and can also provide nations with accessible clones to do â€Å"dirty jobs† or participate in the military forces in order to benefit the country. Others decide that cloning is justifiable in order to replace a deceased child or pet or to even enable infertile couples to have children. While many people agree that cloning can beRead MoreShould Cloning Be Tested And Taught?1121 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many arguments as to why cloning should be tested and experimented, for the sake of science. There are also many who oppose the idea of reproductive cloning. There are many ethical reasons as to why one must not attempt to clone, and there are reasons as to why others believe that there is no harm in cloning to benefit the world and how we live. However, the reason why I have such a passion and concern for the idea and methods of cloning is because I have seen it first-hand. I am writingRead More Embryonic Wars Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages The specific objective of this major essay is to clarify and summarise the controversial debate concerning the ethical decency of embryonic cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is the form of cloning that is supposedly beneficial to a barrage of medical applications. We will identify the key opposing ethical perspectives such as those of the justification of embryonic research based on the normative theory of consequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of theRead MoreEssay The Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research1409 Words   |  6 Pagesto better the lives of those living, but at what cost? In their articles â€Å"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of Pro and Con,† by author Dan W. Brock; â€Å"The Ethical Implications of Guman Clo ning,† by Michael J. Sandel; â€Å"Theriputic Human Cloning Is Ethical,† by Ian Wilmut and Roger Highfield; and various other articles, each author discusses his or her view on the morality of stem cell research and its use for human cloning. Kantian deontology is defined as treating the individual as more than a meansRead MoreWhen Life Begins638 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the first medical issues arises from the question of when an embryo is considered alive. We have laws in society that protect life. However, we don’t always consider an embryo to be a living thing. It is currently a hot topic of discussion whether or not to allow and use stem cells taken from embryos. The fact that cells must come from women also raises ethical questions concerning therapeutic cloning as this can lead to the exploitation of women. Many people also believe that such technologyRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical Nature Of The Subject1507 Words   |  7 PagesLooking at anything through the lens of different philosophical ideologies will show a variety of differing opinions on the morality or ethical nature of the subject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatestRead MoreIs Human Cloning Legal? Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesHuman cloning has not been legally used in humans because many people and experts are still discussing its effectiveness, worthiness and effect on humanity. Human cloning, also known as human genetic engineering, can be divided into two main types, which are therapeutic cloning, growing cloned tissue from individual, and reproductive cloning, genetically identical copy of an individual. Human cloning have drawn people’s attention because people are become more concerned about health problems and

African Americans And The European System Of Africa

Many different races once considered Africa, as a continent that could not support itself since Africans were savages who were not able to prosper on their own. Because of this, life was not easy for Africans and their way of living was very mediocre. Africans’ weakness eventually became evident to the other nations of the world. The European system for instance, fortunately for them, decided to take control of Africa. This was a decision that benefited them financially as they exploited the richness that Africa enfolded. Although many Europeans believed that Africans were much more inferior to them because of their skin color, they knew the significance of the richness that Africa’s soil could give them. It is true that the European’s†¦show more content†¦In my opinion, there is no amount of good that could excuse or justify the way the actions of European nation during colonialism in Africa. For instance, cotton was very difficult for Europeans to obtain from their soil and climate. Cotton is a plant that demands specifics requirements in order for it to continuously grow and prosper. The Europeans unsuccessfully met these requirements. Cotton was a necessity that was excessively useful and it was very much demanded. When Europeans took control of Africa, the need of cotton was no longer a problem for them. Africa has a rich soil, a warm climate and provided all the requirements that cotton demanded to flourish. Eventually, Europeans benefited from their gain of the continent and their economy was growing exponentially. Cotton was not the only resource that Europeans needed from Africa. Europe was in need of many raw materials that they could not produce or did not have access to abundantly. This was one of the many reasons why the European system acquired territories on the African continent. The industry was a crucial part of European economy. In order to remain financ ially successful and continue to grow economically, they (Europeans) had to rely on the raw materials that were available in Africa. In the process of becoming wealthy nations, European countries brutally mistreated, humiliated and eventually dehumanized the African people. Slavery was justified to

Monets use of color Essay Example For Students

Monets use of color Essay Monets use of color along with use of intricate brush strokes and composition is outstanding. The vast variations of brush strokes and color placement techniques are what make his work so unique and individual. Grand Canal, Venice, 1908 is a prime example of Monets talents in these areas. The structure of the painting is very loose. There are few hard lines in the composition that represents solid structure. The curves in conjunction with the shades of color as well as light usage give the piece a mirage-like effect. It is easy to imagine Monets vantage point while he was painting the picture by the way the composition is set up. One can tell he was looking towards the buildings on the other side of water because its obvious that the building are being reflected as well as the wooden poles sticking out of the water. It is quite evident that Monet is observing a sunset and that he is painting quickly to capture the full effect of light during this short period of the day with the study of light being the main focus in this work. Shadow also plays a large part in the make up the painting. Monet uses an even tonality of blues, lavenders, oranges and pinks to create the buildings across the water, thus showing the sunlight reflecting off the sides of them. Its quite amazing how he uses many different colors to create one large color. For instance, in the sky he uses a mixture of greens, pinks, oranges and blues to create the feeling of dusk as the sun slowly sets to the right of the picture. In the far edge of the water he uses greens and blues with a hint of lavender here and there to show the darkness of the water behind the buildings where the sunlight isnt reaching. When the water comes closer to the bottom of the painting there is a heavier use of oranges, yellows and pinks creating a golden mirror-like effect reflecting the light coming off of the buildings. At this point it is hard to determine if the sunlight is actually striking the surface of the water or if it is just the reflection of the sun off of the buildings alone. Once one looks at the poles sticking out of the water its easier to determine if the sun is hitting the water or not. It must be hitting a good portion of the water because only the closest pole is dark, with no sun hitting it, but the poles which are farther away have light, then again it may just be the reflection of the light off of the buildings. This is why the painting has such a mirage-like effect because the viewer cannot really decipher what he or she is supposed to perceive the work as. The actual form of the building is less evident due to the brilliant atmosphere of the painting making it quite clear that Monets main concern with this piece, as well as many of his others, is light. How he uses color to express his concern for light is outstanding. In this particular piece Monet uses sketch-like brush strokes to create the main objects of the scene. The water consists of numerous horizontal brush stokes in varying color to create the look of reflection. The buildings are more blended and the use of impasto is less evident mainly in the sky. The surface of the painting from the upper parts of the building to the top of the canvas gets smoother as the eye rises. The layering of the colors in the water and heavier strokes of paint allow Monet to create the reflectiveness he is trying to accomplish in order to portray the time of day. The use of smaller strokes and lighter colors over the heavier strokes and darker colors strengthens the effect of the sunlight on the water. For the sky Monet blends the colors together and uses very light shades of them to create the pastel, soft, late day effect. .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .postImageUrl , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:hover , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:visited , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:active { border:0!important; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:active , .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45 .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cc785084ec3c1811f375d7e25d35f45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monet And His World EssayFor the buildings he uses a more erratic technique, blending less than the sky. He tends to follow through with the stroke and use less paint to cover more area at a time, unlike the fast, thicker strokes used in the water. Monet is a genius when it comes to using many different colors and brush strokes to create one specific tone of a color and create specific effects with those colors. For example, from a distance the largest pole coming out of the water seems to be mainly brownish-blue color but up close it is actually a conglomeration of purples, greens, reds, oranges and even some black. The same holds true in the rest of the painting. The water is especially intriguing. Monet uses such a vast array of colors mixed together to create the reflective aspect he is trying to portray. It looks as if he started with the darker colors along the edge of the buildings working his way toward the bottom of the canvas. The brush strokes look very quick and abrupt as if he was painting hastily. Once the bluish tones of the water were established Monet continues to work his way towards the bottom of the canvas using layers. He moves into greens and continues to layer with lighter and lighter colors working in conjunction with the colors used to create the shadow and light on the buildings above. The pinks and oranges begin to play a key role in portraying the reflection in the top layers on paint. The final layers of paint also tend to be thicker than the rest. This gives the impression no pun intended that this portion of the painting may have been rushed, or maybe even completed at a later time due to the fact that Monet was trying to capture the effects of light at a particular time of day. When one looks much closer it looks as if the actual reflection was captured at the time of the painting on the underneath layers of paint. The more I look at the painting I begin to believe that Monet went over the painting again adding the thicker, smaller strokes of varying color in order to accent the rest of the painting. These particular details seem to occur only in the water and seem to have taken some undetermined length of time to think about it. However, the length of time taken seems to be greater than them amount of time Monet had to paint since the time of day he is working with doesnt allow much time for thinking. These particular techniques seem to be very effective and appropriate for the subject. Monet is basically painting a study of light in this piece. The varying brush strokes and wildly variable use of color brings out the effect of light in this piece magnificently. Though he is using a limited number of colors he can still manage to create a specific tone of color with what he is using. It seems as if Monet is trying to get across to the viewer what it is really like to witness a sunset on the Grande Canal and how fascinating the actual colors are. The view seems to lack a certain crispness though as if the air was heavy or moisture filled, in turn making the building across from him less detailed allowing Monet to focus on the aspect of shadow in the composition instead of being distracted by the detail of the buildings. The same can be said about the water. The thick moist air seems to act a prism allowing Monet to scatter the different colors all over the canvas, still making it known that it is water, especially by implementing the reflective techniques which he has used so greatly. .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .postImageUrl , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:hover , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:visited , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:active { border:0!important; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:active , .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5 .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29a9eea78732d54b99f0cde3deff28b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The color purple and Girl EssayI think that Monet had a passion for studying light and its effects with the use of color and considered this particular viewpoint an excellent opportunity to further his studies. I believe he enjoyed exploring reflections on water and maybe wanted to encourage others to do the same, not necessarily exploring reflections on water but to explore anything which he/she may have a passion for. With Monet in particular, his juxtaposition of complimentary colors allowed him to gain the effect he was going for in his study of reflections, especially in the Grand Canal, Venice, 1908.

Solar and Lunar Eclipes free essay sample

We avoid whats painful and stay in our comfort zones. Thats why we occasionally need a little cosmic kick in the pants to push us off the fence and into action. Eclipses are these agents of change. They fall four to six times a year and turn things upside-down. In our disoriented state, we may act out of character or see turbulence in the world. Eclipses can also help break patterns and shift dynamics. However, most astrologers suggest waiting a week or so before taking drastic action, allowing the eclipse energy to settle first. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes behind the Earth so that the Earth blocks the Suns rays from striking the Moon. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar and Lunar Eclipes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moons location relative to its orbital nodes. The most recent total lunar eclipse occurred on December 10, 2011. The previous total lunar eclipse occurred on June 15, 2011; The recent eclipse was visible from all of Asia and Australia, seen as rising over Europe and setting over Northwest North America. The last to previous total lunar eclipse occurred on December 21, 2010, at 08:17 UTC. [1] Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a certain relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth. A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours, whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place, due to the smaller size of the moons shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are no brighter (indeed dimmer) than the full moon itself. Two solar and two lunar eclipses take place in 2012 as follows. 2012 May 20: Annular Solar Eclipse| 2012 Jun 04: Partial Lunar Eclipse| 2012 Nov 13: Total Solar Eclipse| 2012 Nov 28: Penumbral Lunar Eclipse| Annular Solar Eclipse of May 20 The first solar eclipse of 2012 occurs at the Moons descending node in central Taurus. An annular eclipse will be visible from a 240 to 300 ilometre-wide track that traverses eastern Asia, the northern Pacific Ocean and the western United States. A partial eclipse is seen within the much broader path of the Moons penumbral shadow, that includes much of Asia, the Pacific and the western 2/3 of North America (Figure 1). The annular path begins in southern China at 22:06 UT. Because the Moon passed through apogee one day earlier (May 19 at 16:14 UT), its large distance from Earth produces a wide path of annularity. Traveling eastward, the shadow quickly sweeps along the southern coast of Japan as the central line duration of annularity grows from 4. to 5. 0 minutes. Tokyo lies 10 kilometres north of the central line. For the over 10 million residents within the metropolitan area, the annular phase will last 5 minutes beginning at 22:32 UT (on May 21 local time). The annular ring is quite thick because the Moons apparent diameter is only 94% that of the Sun. Traveling with a velocity of 1. 1 kilometres/second, the antumbral shadow leaves Japan and heads northeast across the Northern Pacific. The instant of greatest eclipse [1] occurs at 23:52:47 UT when the eclipse magnitude [2] reaches 0. 9439. At that instant, the duration of annularity is 5 minutes 46 seconds, the path width is 237 kilometres and the Sun is 61Â ° above the flat horizon formed by the open ocean. The shadow passes just south of Alaskas Aleutian Islands as the central track slowly curves to the southeast. After a 7000 kilometre-long ocean voyage lasting nearly 2 hours, the antumbra finally reaches land again along the rugged coastlines of southern Oregon and northern California (Figure 2) at 01:23 UT (May 20 local time). Redding, CA lies 30 kilometres south of the central line. Nevertheless, it still experiences an annular phase lasting 4 1/2 minutes beginning at 01:26 UT. It is already late afternoon along this section of the eclipse path. The Suns altitude is 20Â ° during the annular phase and decreasing as the track heads southeast. Central Nevada, southern Utah, and northern Arizona are all within the annular path. By the time the antumbra reaches Albuquerque, NM (01:34 UT), the central duration is still 4 1/2 minutes, but the Suns altitude has dropped to 5Â °. As its leading edge reaches the Texas Panhandle, the shadow is now an elongated ellipse extending all the way to Nevada. Seconds later, the antumbra begins its rise back into space above western Texas as the track and the annular eclipse end. During the course of its 3. 5-hour trajectory, the antumbras track is approximately 13,600 kilometres long and covers 0. 74% of Earths surface area. Path coordinates and central line circumstances are presented in Table 1. Partial phases of the eclipse are visible primarily from the USA, Canada, the Pacific and East Asia. Local circumstances for a number of cities are found in Table 2 (Canada, Mexico and Asia) and Table 3 (USA). All times are given in Universal Time. The Suns altitude and azimuth, the eclipse magnitude and obscuration are all given at the instant of maximum eclipse. The NASA JavaScript Solar Eclipse Explorer is an interactive web page that can quickly calculate the local circumstances of the eclipse from any geographic location not included in Table 1: This is the 33rd eclipse of Saros 128 (Espenak and Meeus, 2006). The family began with a series of 24 partial eclipses starting on 0984 Aug 29. The first central eclipse was total and took place on 1417 May 16. After three more totals and four hybrid eclipses, the series changed to annular on 1561 Aug 11. Subsequent members of Saros 128 were all annular eclipses with increasing durations, the maximum of which was reached on 1832 Feb 01 and lasted 08 minutes 35 seconds. The duration of annularity of each succeeding eclipse is now dropping and will reach 4 minutes with the last annular eclipse of the series on 2120 Jul 25. Saros 128 terminates on 2282 Nov 01 after a string of 9 partial eclipses. Complete details for the 73 eclipses in the series (in the sequence of 24 partial, 4 total, 4 hybrid, 32 annular, and 9 partial) may be found at: Partial Lunar Eclipse of June 04 Observers in western Canada and the USA will have the best views with moonset occurring sometime after mid-eclipse. To catch the entire event, one must be located in the Pacific or eastern Australia. The June 04 partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros 140, a series of 77 eclipses in the following sequence: 20 penumbral, 8 partial, 28 total, 7 partial, and 14 penumbral lunar eclipses (Espenak and Meeus, 2009). Complete details for the series can be found at: Total Solar Eclipse of November 13 The second solar eclipse of 2012 occurs at the Moons ascending node in central Libra. The path of the Moons umbral shadow crosses the South Pacific Ocean where it makes no landfall except for northern Australia. The Moons penumbral shadow produces a partial eclipse visible from a much larger region covering the South Pacific (including Australia and New Zealand), southern South America, and part of Antarctica (Figure 4). The central eclipse path begins in Australias Garig Ganak Barlu National Park in the Northern Territory about 250 kilometres east of Darwin at 20:35 UT (Figure 5). Traveling southeast, the umbral shadow quickly crosses the Gulf of Carpentaria and reaches the Cape York Peninsula at 20:37 UT. The first and only populated region in the path lies along the east coast of Queensland. Gateway to Australias Great Barrier Reef, Cairns is about 30 kilometres south of the central line. Its residents and visitors will enjoy an early morning total eclipse lasting 2 minutes with the Sun just 14Â ° above the eastern horizon. Observers on the central line can eek out another 5 seconds of totality, but local weather conditions will play a far greater role in choosing a viewing site than a few seconds of totality. After leaving Australia, the umbral shadow glides over the ocean, undisturbed by further landfall for the remainder of its track. Greatest eclipse occurs in the South Pacific at 22:11:48 UT. At this instant, the axis of the Moons shadow passes closest to Earths centre. The maximum duration of totality is 4 minutes 2 seconds, the Suns altitude is 68Â °, and the path width is 179 kilometres. Continuing across the vast South Pacific, the umbral shadows path ends about 800 kilometres west of Chile at 23:48 UT. Over the course of 3. 1 hours, the Moons umbra travels along a path approximately 14,500 kilometres long covering 0. 46% of Earths surface area. Path coordinates and central line circumstances are presented in Table 4. All times are given in Universal Time. The Suns altitude and azimuth, the eclipse magnitude and obscuration are all given at the instant of maximum eclipse. This is the 45th eclipse of Saros 133 (Espenak and Meeus, 2006). The series began on 1219 Jul 13 with the first of 13 partial eclipses. The first annular eclipse was non-central and occurred on 1435 Nov 20. Five more annular eclipses followed until a hybrid eclipse on 1544 Jan 24. Subsequent eclipses in the series have been total with a steadily increasing duration of totality until the peak duration of 6 minutes 50 seconds was reached on 1850 Aug 07. The duration of totality has been decreasing since then. The remaining 20 total eclipses will see totality drop to below 2 minutes. The series ends with a set of 7 partial eclipses the last of which occurs on 2499 Sep 05. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of November 28 The last lunar eclipse of 2012 is a deep penumbral eclipse with a magnitude of 0. 9155. It should be easily visible to the naked eye as a dusky shading in the northern half of the Moon. The times of the major phases are listed below. Penumbral Eclipse Begins: 12:14:58 UT Greatest Eclipse: 14:33:00 UT Penumbral Eclipse Ends: 16:51:02 UT Note that the beginning and end of a penumbral eclipse are not visible to the eye. In fact, no shading can be detected until about 2/3 of the Moons disk is immersed in the penumbra. This would put the period of eclipse visibility from approximately 14:00 to 15:00 UT. Keep in mind that this is only an estimate. Atmospheric conditions and the observers visual acuity are important factors to consider. An interesting exercise is to note when penumbral shading is first and last seen. Figure 6 shows the path of the Moon through the penumbra as well as a map of Earth showing the regions of eclipse visibility. Eastern Canada and the USA will miss the eclipse entirely since it begins after moonset. Observers in western Canada and the USA will have the best views with moonset occurring sometime after mid-eclipse. To catch the entire event, one must be in Alaska, Hawaii, Australia, or East Asia. The November 28 penumbral lunar eclipse is the 11th member of Saros 145, a series of 71 eclipses in the following sequence: 18 penumbral, 10 partial, 15 total, 20 partial, and 8 penumbral lunar eclipses (Espenak and Meeus, 2009). Complete details for the series can be found at: eclipse. gsfc. nasa. gov/LEsaros/LEsaros145. html Explanatory Information Solar Eclipse Figures Lunar Eclipse Figures Shadow Diameters and Lunar Eclipses

All living things

All living things use some way to survive and defend themselves. Frogs use their skin in many ways for these reasons. So how do frogs use their skin, color and poison to survive and defend themselves? In this paper you will learn how frogs use their skin to live, survive and defend themselves. Frog skin is thin and naked. It has no scales, no hair, and no feathers. However, the skin of a frog is critical to their survival. Through it, they both drink and breathe. They also use their skin to absorb all the moisture they need through their skin because they do not swallow. Although frogs do have lungs, they rely on the extra oxygen they absorb through their skin, especially when theyre underwater. Frogs must keep their skin moist. Otherwise, oxygen cant pass easily through their skin and they suffocate. Frog skin secretes a mucus that helps them keep moist. Even so, their skin tends to dry out which is why they usually stay near bodies of water. They rely on dew for moisture or burrow themselves underground in moist soil. Although they rely on their skin for a lot of purposes they do rejuvenate themselves by shedding their skin once a week. This process consists of a lot of twisting, bending and stretching to loosen the skin. Once the frog has loosened ! it enough it pulls the skin over its head like a sweater and usually eats it. I have been describing simple and logical reasons for the importance of frog skin. However, there are more reasons to make it all the more fascinating. In frogs, pigmentation or skin color depends on the presence of specialized cells and the resulting optical phenomena. These cells are differentiated from the so-called neural crest during the stage when the brain and the spine are being formed and then migrate to the surface of the skin. The evolutionary history of the biology of pigmentation may be dry material, but it is the basis for the dazzling ...

Development of the theory of public administration

Development of the theory of public administration Introduction The fifties (and especially late fifties) of the twentieth century were marked by certain shift in public administration theory in the USA. Theorists in this field focused on human resources and people’s behavior within organizations. Leadership and decision-making were regarded as some of the most important components of public administrators’ functioning (Cox et al., 2010).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Development of the theory of public administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the most prominent public administration theorists of that period were Philip Selznick, Douglas McGregor and Charles E. Lindblom. These theorists contributed greatly to the field of public administration as they developed certain approaches which became the basis for further research. The Theorists and Their Contribution Selznick was one of the proponents of organizational approach. One of his major contributions was his attention to the goals set by the organization and employees’ goals (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). The theorist noted that people often had different goals and this dichotomy often led to poor performance. Thus, according to Selznick, employees, who did not share the organization’s values and set goals which differed from the ones, set within the organization, could not function effectively (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Furthermore, the theorist also stressed that it was crucial to develop proper environment within the organization to enable employees to cooperate and be efficient. Thus, communication was one of the keys to success. Another prominent theorist of that period was Douglas McGregor. He also focused on the environment within the organization. The theorist claimed that motivation, control and leadership play essential role in the development of proper environment (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). Thus, McGregor emphasized that leadership was imp ortant as employees needed support and control. Inspiring leaders could motivate public administrators, which could improve performance of the latter. Effective cooperation between employees could be achieved with the help of control. Noteworthy, the researcher stated that public administrators had to know the organization’s goals to be able to perform effectively. The theorist also paid specific attention to motivation as he believed public administrators (as well as any other employees) needed motivation to perform properly and achieve the goals set. Finally, Charles E. Lindblom also considered the human component of public administration. However, the theorist focused on the process of decision-making. Noteworthy, Lindblom was an advocate of democratic approach and stressed the importance of leadership. However, when it came decision-making, the theorist stressed the importance of cooperation. Lindblom claimed that the government consisted of a number of elites that cooper ated (Shafritz Hyde, 2012).Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This cooperation was necessary for proper functioning of public administration. The researcher also noted that public administrators had to be aware of peculiarities of decision-making processes (Shafritz Hyde, 2012). He noted that it was essential to analyze the process of decision-making to enable public administrators to function effectively. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that Philip Selznick, Douglas McGregor and Charles E. Lindblom contributed greatly to the development of the theory of public administration in the field of human resources. The theorists exploited behavioral approach and provided valuable insights into the processes of cooperation and decision-making. It was acknowledged that public administrators needed motivation and leadership to ensure effective work of the US government. More importantly, the researchers developed specific tools which could be used by public administrators. Thus, communication, leadership and decision-making acquired the necessary attention and became central to further research. Reference List Cox, R.W., Buck, S.J., Morgan, B.N. (2010). Public administration in theory and practice. New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. Shafritz, J.M., Hyde, A.C. (2012). Classics of public administration. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog - Essay Example According to Pollock (2005), the Big House was depicted as a world inhabited by individuals who appeared deceased than alive. This maximum-security prison emerged in 1920s as well as 1930s. This system developed as an uncomfortable transition following the collapse of â€Å"factory† prison, which dominated the last part of 1800s. The Big House prison being a walled institution often contained several thousand inmates who were idle from decreased industrial work (Johnson, n.d). From plantation prisons, which were agrarian comparable to industrial prisons, emerged the Big House to offer discipline to inmates unable to work in the road works and in the fields. Plantation prisons had gross population of black prisoners since they were newly emancipated and were prone to being arrested for the flimsiest pretext to work in hard labour in prisons usually called chain gangs. The shackled prisoners were used to construct several public works like railroads and roads (Pollock, 2005). The Big House gave way to correctional Institution, which was the new prison system that first emerged in 1940s as well as 1950s. These prisons were typically large cell blocks with shops and a yard as well as industrial workstations. About 2,500 prisoners from rural and urban areas spend their time in every institution (Pollock, 2005). During the 1960s and 1970s, treatment programs were established in the correctional institution with the aim of establishing security, order, and discipline. As the number of offenders increased in the last 30 years, so was the prison population. The number of inmates from urban and rural areas greatly increased with many of them engaging in violent offenses. The shift from crime control that emphasized on the significance of incarceration in the previous establishments meant an increase of inmates in the correctional institutions (Cole, Smith &